4 - Cross-Border Education as Trade: Issues for Consultation, Policy Review and Research*
Revue de l’enseignement supérieur en Afrique,
Vol. 2 No 3 (2004): Revue de l’enseignement supérieur en Afrique
Résumé
This paper is abridged from a report prepared for the African Association of Universities Workshop on GATS and Higher Education (May 2004) and includes information from papers written by the author for the Observatory of Borderless Higher Education and for UNESCO.
Cette communication présente des éléments de références, ainsi qu’un cadre analytique permettant d’étudier les effets du phénomène de l’enseignement supérieur transfrontalier en Afrique, particulièrement dans le cadre d’un renforcement du caractère commercial de ce phénomène et de la mise en place du GATS (AGCS : Accord général sur le commerce des services). Les principes majeurs concernant les règles du GATS relatives au commerce en matière de services d’éducation sont mentionnés, ainsi qu’un résumé des engagements relatifs à cet accord, manifestés par les pays africains par rapport à l’enseignement supérieur. Une présentation des arguments et risques associés à l’import/export commercial de services d’éducation nous amène à examiner les éventuelles implications en matière de politique publique, liées à l’accroissement de la mobilité transfrontalière des institutions / spécialistes de l’enseignement supérieur, des programmes, et des étudiants / universitaires. Enfin, des questions clés sont identifiées. Les dirigeants du secteur de l’éducation, ainsi que les parties prenantes dans ce domaine pourraient mener une réflexion pour déterminer si ces questions sont vraiment adaptées au contexte africain, mais également pour déterminer les éventuels besoins en recherche approfondie, en réforme de politique publique et en consultation.
Télécharger la référence bibliographique
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)BibTeX
- Accra Declaration on GATS and the Internationalisation of Higher Education in Africa, April 29, 2004, Retrieved on 12 August 2004, from http://www.aau.org/ wto-gats/declaration.htm.
- (EI/PSI), Education International/Public Services International, 1999, The WTO and the Millennium Round: What Is at Stake for Public Education? Seattle,WA. Retrieved on August 12, 2004, from http://www.globalpolicy.org/socecon/bwi-wto/idxstl99.htm.
- Education International/Public Services International, 2000, Great Expectations: The Future of Trade in Services. Brussels, Belgium. Retrieved on August 12, 2004, from http://www.ei-ie.org.
- Ensor, L., 2003, March 6, Business Day (newspaper), 1st ed.
- Garrett, R., 2003, Mapping the Education Industry. Part 2: Public Companies—Relationships with Higher Education, London: Observatory on Borderless Higher Education.
- Gottlieb and Pearson [law firm, Ottawa], 2001, ‘GATS Impact on Education in Canada’. Legal opinion.
- Jowi, J. O., 2003, ‘Trade in Higher Education Services: The Kenyan Case’, in P.
- Pillay, P. Masseen, N. Cloete, (eds.), GATS and Higher Education in SADC, Rondebosch, South Africa: Centre for Higher Education Transformation (CHET).
- Knight, J., 2002, Trade in Higher Education Services: The Implications of GATS, London: Observatory on Borderless Higher Education.
- Knight, J., 2003a, ‘GATS, Trade and Higher Education—Perspective 2003: Where We?’, Policy paper. London: Observatory on Borderless Higher Education.
- Knight, J., 2003b, ‘Higher Education and Trade Agreement—What Are the Policy Implications?’, in G. Breton and M. Lambert, eds., Universities and Globalisation: Private Linkages, Public Trust, Paris: UNESCO/Université Laval/Economica.
- Knight, J., 2004a, ‘Cross-border Education: The Complexities of Globalisation, Internationalisation and Trade,’ in M. Smout, ed., Internationalisation and Quality Assurance, Pretoria, South Africa: SAUVCA.
- Knight, J., 2004b, ‘Internationalisation Remodeled: Rationales, Strategies and Approaches,’ Journal for Studies in International Education, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp.
- -31.
- Kwasi, A., 2002, ‘The General Agreement on Trade and Services, (GATS) and Africa’, Briefing Paper No. 1, Accra, Ghana: Third World Network.
- Larsen, K., and Vincent-Lancrin, S., 2002, ‘International Trade in Education Services: Good or Bad?’, Higher Education and Management Policy, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 9-45.
- Latrille, P., 2003 November, GATS and the Post-secondary System, paper sponsored by WTO at Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development/Norway Forum on Trade in Education Services, Trondheim, Norway.
- Levy, D., 2003, Expanding Higher Education Capacity through Private Growth: Contributions and Challenges. London: Observatory on Borderless Higher
- EducationMohamedbhai, G., 2003, ‘Globalisation and Its Implications on Universities in Developing Countries,’ in G. Breton and M. Lambert, eds., Universities and Globalisation: Private Linkages, Public Trust, Paris: UNESCO/Université Laval/Economica.
- NCITE, 2001, Barriers to Trade in Transnational Education, Washington, DC: National Committee for International Trade in Education.
- Ni Sauvé, P., 2002, ‘Trade, Education and the GATS: What’s In, What’s Out, What’s All the Fuss About?’, Higher Education Management and Policy, Vol. 14, No 3, pp. 48-80.
- Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development, 2002a, ‘The Growth of Cross-border Education’, Educational Policy Analysis (Occasional publication) Paris: Organisation for Economic and Community Development. pp. 89-115.
- Pillay, P., 2003, ‘The General Agreement on Trade in Services, (GATS): Implications and Possible Ways Forward for the South African Development Community (SADC)’, paper presented at UNESCO Conference on Globalisation and Higher Education, Oslo, Norway.
- SAUVCA, 2002, Briefing Document on WTO, GATS and Higher Education.
- Pretoria, South Africa: South African Universities Vice-Chancellors Association. Sawyerr, A., 2002, Challenges Facing African Universities: Selected Issues, Accra, Ghana: Association of African Universities.
- Sehoole, C., 2004, Higher Education in Africa and the Challenges of Trade in Education, unpublished paper.
- Singh, M., 2001, ‘Re-inserting the “Public Good” into Higher Education Transformation,’ Kagisano. Publication of the Council on Higher Education, South Africa. Issue No. 1.
- Teferra, D., 2004, ‘Intellectual African Nomads in the Information Wonderland’, International Association Newsletter, Vol. 10, No. 1–2, pp. 1–3.
- UNESCO and Council of Europe, 2001, The UNESCO-CEPES/Council of Europe Code of Good Practice for the Provision of Transnational Education. Paris: UNESCO. Van Damme, D., 2002, ‘Trends and Models in International Quality Assurance in Higher Education in Relation to Trade in Education’, Higher Education Management and Policy, Vol. 14, No 3, pp. 93–136.
- World Trade Organisation (WTO), 1998, Education Services: Background Note by the Secretariat, Geneva: Council for Trade in Services. (S/C/W/49, 98-3691) World Trade Organisation, 1999a, An Introduction to the GATS. Geneva: WTO.
- World Trade Organisation, 1999b, The General Agreement in Trade in Services: Objectives, Coverage and Disciplines. Geneva: WTO.
- World Trade Organisation, 2001. GATS: Fact and Fiction. Geneva: World Trade Organisation.
Les références
Accra Declaration on GATS and the Internationalisation of Higher Education in Africa, April 29, 2004, Retrieved on 12 August 2004, from http://www.aau.org/ wto-gats/declaration.htm.
(EI/PSI), Education International/Public Services International, 1999, The WTO and the Millennium Round: What Is at Stake for Public Education? Seattle,WA. Retrieved on August 12, 2004, from http://www.globalpolicy.org/socecon/bwi-wto/idxstl99.htm.
Education International/Public Services International, 2000, Great Expectations: The Future of Trade in Services. Brussels, Belgium. Retrieved on August 12, 2004, from http://www.ei-ie.org.
Ensor, L., 2003, March 6, Business Day (newspaper), 1st ed.
Garrett, R., 2003, Mapping the Education Industry. Part 2: Public Companies—Relationships with Higher Education, London: Observatory on Borderless Higher Education.
Gottlieb and Pearson [law firm, Ottawa], 2001, ‘GATS Impact on Education in Canada’. Legal opinion.
Jowi, J. O., 2003, ‘Trade in Higher Education Services: The Kenyan Case’, in P.
Pillay, P. Masseen, N. Cloete, (eds.), GATS and Higher Education in SADC, Rondebosch, South Africa: Centre for Higher Education Transformation (CHET).
Knight, J., 2002, Trade in Higher Education Services: The Implications of GATS, London: Observatory on Borderless Higher Education.
Knight, J., 2003a, ‘GATS, Trade and Higher Education—Perspective 2003: Where We?’, Policy paper. London: Observatory on Borderless Higher Education.
Knight, J., 2003b, ‘Higher Education and Trade Agreement—What Are the Policy Implications?’, in G. Breton and M. Lambert, eds., Universities and Globalisation: Private Linkages, Public Trust, Paris: UNESCO/Université Laval/Economica.
Knight, J., 2004a, ‘Cross-border Education: The Complexities of Globalisation, Internationalisation and Trade,’ in M. Smout, ed., Internationalisation and Quality Assurance, Pretoria, South Africa: SAUVCA.
Knight, J., 2004b, ‘Internationalisation Remodeled: Rationales, Strategies and Approaches,’ Journal for Studies in International Education, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp.
-31.
Kwasi, A., 2002, ‘The General Agreement on Trade and Services, (GATS) and Africa’, Briefing Paper No. 1, Accra, Ghana: Third World Network.
Larsen, K., and Vincent-Lancrin, S., 2002, ‘International Trade in Education Services: Good or Bad?’, Higher Education and Management Policy, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 9-45.
Latrille, P., 2003 November, GATS and the Post-secondary System, paper sponsored by WTO at Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development/Norway Forum on Trade in Education Services, Trondheim, Norway.
Levy, D., 2003, Expanding Higher Education Capacity through Private Growth: Contributions and Challenges. London: Observatory on Borderless Higher
EducationMohamedbhai, G., 2003, ‘Globalisation and Its Implications on Universities in Developing Countries,’ in G. Breton and M. Lambert, eds., Universities and Globalisation: Private Linkages, Public Trust, Paris: UNESCO/Université Laval/Economica.
NCITE, 2001, Barriers to Trade in Transnational Education, Washington, DC: National Committee for International Trade in Education.
Ni Sauvé, P., 2002, ‘Trade, Education and the GATS: What’s In, What’s Out, What’s All the Fuss About?’, Higher Education Management and Policy, Vol. 14, No 3, pp. 48-80.
Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development, 2002a, ‘The Growth of Cross-border Education’, Educational Policy Analysis (Occasional publication) Paris: Organisation for Economic and Community Development. pp. 89-115.
Pillay, P., 2003, ‘The General Agreement on Trade in Services, (GATS): Implications and Possible Ways Forward for the South African Development Community (SADC)’, paper presented at UNESCO Conference on Globalisation and Higher Education, Oslo, Norway.
SAUVCA, 2002, Briefing Document on WTO, GATS and Higher Education.
Pretoria, South Africa: South African Universities Vice-Chancellors Association. Sawyerr, A., 2002, Challenges Facing African Universities: Selected Issues, Accra, Ghana: Association of African Universities.
Sehoole, C., 2004, Higher Education in Africa and the Challenges of Trade in Education, unpublished paper.
Singh, M., 2001, ‘Re-inserting the “Public Good” into Higher Education Transformation,’ Kagisano. Publication of the Council on Higher Education, South Africa. Issue No. 1.
Teferra, D., 2004, ‘Intellectual African Nomads in the Information Wonderland’, International Association Newsletter, Vol. 10, No. 1–2, pp. 1–3.
UNESCO and Council of Europe, 2001, The UNESCO-CEPES/Council of Europe Code of Good Practice for the Provision of Transnational Education. Paris: UNESCO. Van Damme, D., 2002, ‘Trends and Models in International Quality Assurance in Higher Education in Relation to Trade in Education’, Higher Education Management and Policy, Vol. 14, No 3, pp. 93–136.
World Trade Organisation (WTO), 1998, Education Services: Background Note by the Secretariat, Geneva: Council for Trade in Services. (S/C/W/49, 98-3691) World Trade Organisation, 1999a, An Introduction to the GATS. Geneva: WTO.
World Trade Organisation, 1999b, The General Agreement in Trade in Services: Objectives, Coverage and Disciplines. Geneva: WTO.
World Trade Organisation, 2001. GATS: Fact and Fiction. Geneva: World Trade Organisation.