8 - Managing Religious Conflicts in Nigeria: The Inter-Religious Mediation Peace Strategy
Corresponding Author(s) : Mashood Omotosho
Afrique et développement,
Vol. 39 No 2 (2014): Afrique et développement
Résumé
Avec une population de plus de 150 millions de personnes, la population du Nigeria est composée de musulmans et de chrétiens qui vivent sur toute l’étendue du pays. La fracture religieuse dans le pays sillonne des territoires occupés par plus de 250 groupes ethniques et crée de profondes divisions politiques qui suivent le sillage de divisions religieuses. Au cours de la dernière décennie, de nombreux « foyer de tension » à travers le pays ont subi de violents conflits religieux, avec un impact dévastateur sur les citoyens et la coexistence pacifique au nigérian. La crise de février 2000 née des soulèvements contre la charia à Kaduna, les émeutes religieuses de 2001 et 2004 dans l’État de Bauchi, le différend au sujet d’un concours de beauté en 2002 jugé insultant pour l’islam, les émeutes contre les caricatures danoises représentant le prophète Mahomet en 2006 et les attentats de Boko Haram au mois d’août 2009 qui ont conduit à installer la chienlit dans la partie Nord du pays étaient tous des signes inquiétants de cette situation. Il n’était donc pas surprenant que le gouvernement fédéral du Nigeria et d’autres organisations non gouvernementales accordent une attention particulière à ce problème en mettant en place des structures innovantes visant à apporter des solutions efficaces au phénomène des conflits religieux violents au Nigeria. Sans nul doute, l’organe de médiation inter-religieux représente un mécanisme dynamique et indispensable pour parvenir à une paix durable entre les différents groupes religieux dans le pays. Les questions qui exigent des réponses incluent donc : Quelles sont les principales exigences d’une politique réussie de médiation inter-religieuse en termes de gestion des conflits religieux, de prévention et de consolidation de la paix ? Quelles sont les moyens alternatifs plus pratiques pour renforcer la capacité du groupe de médiation inter-religieux à résoudre efficacement les conflits religieux dans le pays? En un mot, l’étude examine les différents conflits religieux à la lumière de la stratégie de la paix des groupes « de médiation inter-religieux » qui officient dans le pays.
Mots-clés
Télécharger la référence bibliographique
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- Agbaje, A., 1990, ‘Travails or the Secular State: Religion, Politics and the Outlook of Nigeria’s Third Republic’, The Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, XXXVIII.
- Ahmed, Isiyaku, 2007, ‘In Northern Nigeria, Inter-religious Peacemaking Precedes Development’, Kaduna, Nigeria, 8 November.
- Assefa, Hizkias, 1990, ‘Religion in the Sudan: Exacerbating Conflict or Facilitating Reconciliation’, Bulletin of Peace Proposals, Vol. 21, No. 3.
- Babangida, I.B., 2002, ‘Ethnic Nationalities and the Nigerian State: The Dynamics and Challenges of Governance in a Plural Nigeria’, Distinguished Annual Lecture, National Institute for Policy and Strategic Studies, Kuru, Nigeria.
- Bauwens, Werner and Luc Reychler, 1994, eds., The Art of Conflict Prevention, London: Brasseys.
- Berlin Declaration on Inter-religious Dialogue, 2008, Accessed at http://www.rfp- europe.eu/index.cfm?id=216896 on 11th of November, 2009.
- Blakely, Thomas D., Walter E., A. van Beek and Dennis L. Thomson, eds., 1994, Religion in Africa: Experience & Expression, London: James Currey.
- Carnegie Commission, 1997, ‘Preventing Deadly Conflicts: A Final Report’, Washington, DC: Carnegie Commission.
- Ceadel, Martin, 1987, Thinking About Peace and War, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Christian Solidarity Worldwide, 2012, ‘Recent Religious Violence in Central and Northern Nigeria’, Accessed Online at http://cswng.org/wp-content/uploads/ 2012/08/recent-religious-violence.pdf on 10 October, 2012.
- Costa, Gilbert, 2009, ‘Nigeria’s Taliban: How Big a Threat?’, Accessed at http://www.time.com/time/world/article/ on 17th November, 2011.
- Counted, Victor, 2009, ‘Causes of Religious Crisis in Nigeria’, Accessed at http://countedforchrist.blogspot.com/2009/07/causes-of-religious-violence-in-nigeria.html on 15 November, 2009.
- ‘Divine Intervention: Regional Reconciliation through Faith’, Accessed at http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid on 19 December, 2011.
- Egwu, S.G., 2001, ‘Ethnic and Religious Violence in Nigeria’, Abuja, African Centre
- for Democratic Governance (ARIGOV).
- Hill, Amelia and Asthana, Anushka, 2006, ‘Nigeria Cartoon Riots Kill 16’, The Observer, February 2006.
- Ibrahim, J., 1999, ‘Ethno-Religious Mobilisation and Sapping of Democracy in Nigeria’, in Hyslop, J., ed., African Democracy in the Age of Globalisation, Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press.
- Ibrahim, J., 2000, ‘The Transformation of Ethno-Religious Identities in Nigeria’, in Jega, A., ed., Identity Transformation and Identity Politics under Structural Adjustment in Nigeria, Stockholm: Elanders Gotab.
- Ibrahim, J., 1991, ‘Religious and Political Turbulence in Nigeria’, The Journal of Modern Africa Studies, Vol. 29, No. 1.
- Igbokwe, Casmir, 2000, ‘Nigeria: Sharia Riots: How 304 Were Killed in Aba, Owerri’, Accessed Online at http://allafrica.com/stories/200003010205.html on 17 November, 2012.
- Kazah-Toure, T., 2003, ‘Ethno-Religious Conflicts in Kaduna State’, Human Rights Monitor.
- Kukah, M.H., 1993, Religion, Politics and Power in Northern Nigeria, Ibadan: Spectrum.
- Kwaja, A., 2009, ‘Strategies for (Re)Building State Capacity to Manage Ethnic and Religious Conflict in Nigeria’, The Journal of Pan African Studies, Vol. 3, No. 3, September.
- Kwaja, A. Chris, 2008, ‘Ethnic and Religious Conflicts in Wase LGA, Plateau State, Nigeria’, in Best, S. G., ed., Causes and Effects of Conflicts in the Southern Zone of Plateau State, Nigeria, Ibadan: John Archers Publishers Limited.
- Mason, Barry and Chris Talbot, 2000, ‘Religious Conflicts in Nigeria’, Accessed at
- http://www.wsws.org/articles/2000/feb2000/nige-f28.shtml on 10 January, 2012. Mimiko. N.O., 1995, Crises and Contradictions in Nigeria’s Democratisation Programme: 1986-1993’, Akure: Stebak Printers.
- Olasope, O., 2012, ‘The Mindless Killings in Jos and Nigeria’s Culture of Impunity’, Accessed Online at http://nigerianecho.com/?p=3453 on 27 November, 2012.
- Olu-Adeyemi, Lanre, 2006, ‘Ethno-Religious Conflicts and The Travails of National Integration in Nigeria’s Fourth Republic’, Accessed at http://www.dawodu.com/ adeyemi3.htm on 16th November, 2011.
- Olukoju, A., 1997, ‘Nigeria: A Historical Review’, in F.U. Okafor, ed., New Strategies for Curbing Ethnic and Religious Conflicts in Nigeria, Enugu: Fourth Dimensions Publication.
- Paden, J., 2008, Faith and Politics in Nigeria: Nigeria as a Pivotal State in the Muslim World, Washington, DC: United States Institute for Peace (USIP).
- Polgreen, Lydia, 2008, ‘Deadly Nigerian Religious Clashes Kill Hundreds’, New
- York Times, 1 December, Accessed at http://www.tandemproject.com on 23 November, 2009.
- Princen, Thomas, 1992, Intermediaries in International Conflict, Princeton:
- Princeton University Press. ‘Religious Violence Rages in Nigeria’, Accessed at http://www.time.com/time/world/
- article/0,8599 on 19 February, 2012.
- Reychler, Luc, ‘Religion and Conflict’, The International Journal of Peace Studies, Accessed at http://www2.gmu.edu/programs/icar/ijps/vol2_1/Reyschler.htm on 2 March, 2012.
- Smock, David, 2007, ‘Divine Intervention: Regional Reconciliation through Faith’, Accessed at http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid on10 March 2012.
- Stedman, S., 1991, ‘Conflict and Conflict Resolution in Africa: A Conceptual Framework’, in Zartman, W., Conflict Resolution in Africa, Washington DC: Paragon Press.
- Takaya, B.J., 1992, ‘Religion, Politics and Peace: Resolving the Nigerian Dilemma’, in Olupona, J.K., ed., Religion and Peace in a Multi-faith Nigeria, Ile-Ife: Obafemi Awolowo University Press.
- The Straits Times, 2002, ‘100 Die in Nigerian Riot over Miss World Article’, The Straits Times, November 2002, Accessed Online at http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/ content/100-die-nigerian-riot-over-miss-world-article on 3 October, 2012.
- Turner, H.W., 1967, African Independent Church II: The Life and Faith of the Church of the Lord (Aladura), Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- UNESCO, 2003, ‘Final Declaration’, The International Congress on Dialogue of Civilization, Religion and Cultures in West Africa, The Abuja Statement, 15 - 17 December. Vanguard, 16 May, 2004.
- Weigel, George, 1991, ‘Religion and Peace: An Argument Complexified’, The Washington Quarterly, Spring/1991.
- Williams, P. and Toyin Falola, 1995, Religious Impact on the Nation State: The Nigerian Predicament, Aldershot: Aveburz Ashagate.
- Williamson, Roger, 1992, ‘Religious Fundamentalism as a Threat to Peace: Two Studies’, Life and Peace Studies, October.
Les références
Agbaje, A., 1990, ‘Travails or the Secular State: Religion, Politics and the Outlook of Nigeria’s Third Republic’, The Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, XXXVIII.
Ahmed, Isiyaku, 2007, ‘In Northern Nigeria, Inter-religious Peacemaking Precedes Development’, Kaduna, Nigeria, 8 November.
Assefa, Hizkias, 1990, ‘Religion in the Sudan: Exacerbating Conflict or Facilitating Reconciliation’, Bulletin of Peace Proposals, Vol. 21, No. 3.
Babangida, I.B., 2002, ‘Ethnic Nationalities and the Nigerian State: The Dynamics and Challenges of Governance in a Plural Nigeria’, Distinguished Annual Lecture, National Institute for Policy and Strategic Studies, Kuru, Nigeria.
Bauwens, Werner and Luc Reychler, 1994, eds., The Art of Conflict Prevention, London: Brasseys.
Berlin Declaration on Inter-religious Dialogue, 2008, Accessed at http://www.rfp- europe.eu/index.cfm?id=216896 on 11th of November, 2009.
Blakely, Thomas D., Walter E., A. van Beek and Dennis L. Thomson, eds., 1994, Religion in Africa: Experience & Expression, London: James Currey.
Carnegie Commission, 1997, ‘Preventing Deadly Conflicts: A Final Report’, Washington, DC: Carnegie Commission.
Ceadel, Martin, 1987, Thinking About Peace and War, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Christian Solidarity Worldwide, 2012, ‘Recent Religious Violence in Central and Northern Nigeria’, Accessed Online at http://cswng.org/wp-content/uploads/ 2012/08/recent-religious-violence.pdf on 10 October, 2012.
Costa, Gilbert, 2009, ‘Nigeria’s Taliban: How Big a Threat?’, Accessed at http://www.time.com/time/world/article/ on 17th November, 2011.
Counted, Victor, 2009, ‘Causes of Religious Crisis in Nigeria’, Accessed at http://countedforchrist.blogspot.com/2009/07/causes-of-religious-violence-in-nigeria.html on 15 November, 2009.
‘Divine Intervention: Regional Reconciliation through Faith’, Accessed at http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid on 19 December, 2011.
Egwu, S.G., 2001, ‘Ethnic and Religious Violence in Nigeria’, Abuja, African Centre
for Democratic Governance (ARIGOV).
Hill, Amelia and Asthana, Anushka, 2006, ‘Nigeria Cartoon Riots Kill 16’, The Observer, February 2006.
Ibrahim, J., 1999, ‘Ethno-Religious Mobilisation and Sapping of Democracy in Nigeria’, in Hyslop, J., ed., African Democracy in the Age of Globalisation, Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press.
Ibrahim, J., 2000, ‘The Transformation of Ethno-Religious Identities in Nigeria’, in Jega, A., ed., Identity Transformation and Identity Politics under Structural Adjustment in Nigeria, Stockholm: Elanders Gotab.
Ibrahim, J., 1991, ‘Religious and Political Turbulence in Nigeria’, The Journal of Modern Africa Studies, Vol. 29, No. 1.
Igbokwe, Casmir, 2000, ‘Nigeria: Sharia Riots: How 304 Were Killed in Aba, Owerri’, Accessed Online at http://allafrica.com/stories/200003010205.html on 17 November, 2012.
Kazah-Toure, T., 2003, ‘Ethno-Religious Conflicts in Kaduna State’, Human Rights Monitor.
Kukah, M.H., 1993, Religion, Politics and Power in Northern Nigeria, Ibadan: Spectrum.
Kwaja, A., 2009, ‘Strategies for (Re)Building State Capacity to Manage Ethnic and Religious Conflict in Nigeria’, The Journal of Pan African Studies, Vol. 3, No. 3, September.
Kwaja, A. Chris, 2008, ‘Ethnic and Religious Conflicts in Wase LGA, Plateau State, Nigeria’, in Best, S. G., ed., Causes and Effects of Conflicts in the Southern Zone of Plateau State, Nigeria, Ibadan: John Archers Publishers Limited.
Mason, Barry and Chris Talbot, 2000, ‘Religious Conflicts in Nigeria’, Accessed at
http://www.wsws.org/articles/2000/feb2000/nige-f28.shtml on 10 January, 2012. Mimiko. N.O., 1995, Crises and Contradictions in Nigeria’s Democratisation Programme: 1986-1993’, Akure: Stebak Printers.
Olasope, O., 2012, ‘The Mindless Killings in Jos and Nigeria’s Culture of Impunity’, Accessed Online at http://nigerianecho.com/?p=3453 on 27 November, 2012.
Olu-Adeyemi, Lanre, 2006, ‘Ethno-Religious Conflicts and The Travails of National Integration in Nigeria’s Fourth Republic’, Accessed at http://www.dawodu.com/ adeyemi3.htm on 16th November, 2011.
Olukoju, A., 1997, ‘Nigeria: A Historical Review’, in F.U. Okafor, ed., New Strategies for Curbing Ethnic and Religious Conflicts in Nigeria, Enugu: Fourth Dimensions Publication.
Paden, J., 2008, Faith and Politics in Nigeria: Nigeria as a Pivotal State in the Muslim World, Washington, DC: United States Institute for Peace (USIP).
Polgreen, Lydia, 2008, ‘Deadly Nigerian Religious Clashes Kill Hundreds’, New
York Times, 1 December, Accessed at http://www.tandemproject.com on 23 November, 2009.
Princen, Thomas, 1992, Intermediaries in International Conflict, Princeton:
Princeton University Press. ‘Religious Violence Rages in Nigeria’, Accessed at http://www.time.com/time/world/
article/0,8599 on 19 February, 2012.
Reychler, Luc, ‘Religion and Conflict’, The International Journal of Peace Studies, Accessed at http://www2.gmu.edu/programs/icar/ijps/vol2_1/Reyschler.htm on 2 March, 2012.
Smock, David, 2007, ‘Divine Intervention: Regional Reconciliation through Faith’, Accessed at http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid on10 March 2012.
Stedman, S., 1991, ‘Conflict and Conflict Resolution in Africa: A Conceptual Framework’, in Zartman, W., Conflict Resolution in Africa, Washington DC: Paragon Press.
Takaya, B.J., 1992, ‘Religion, Politics and Peace: Resolving the Nigerian Dilemma’, in Olupona, J.K., ed., Religion and Peace in a Multi-faith Nigeria, Ile-Ife: Obafemi Awolowo University Press.
The Straits Times, 2002, ‘100 Die in Nigerian Riot over Miss World Article’, The Straits Times, November 2002, Accessed Online at http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/ content/100-die-nigerian-riot-over-miss-world-article on 3 October, 2012.
Turner, H.W., 1967, African Independent Church II: The Life and Faith of the Church of the Lord (Aladura), Oxford: Clarendon Press.
UNESCO, 2003, ‘Final Declaration’, The International Congress on Dialogue of Civilization, Religion and Cultures in West Africa, The Abuja Statement, 15 - 17 December. Vanguard, 16 May, 2004.
Weigel, George, 1991, ‘Religion and Peace: An Argument Complexified’, The Washington Quarterly, Spring/1991.
Williams, P. and Toyin Falola, 1995, Religious Impact on the Nation State: The Nigerian Predicament, Aldershot: Aveburz Ashagate.
Williamson, Roger, 1992, ‘Religious Fundamentalism as a Threat to Peace: Two Studies’, Life and Peace Studies, October.