11 - Creativity Within Limits: Does the South African PhD Facilitate Creativity in Research?
Corresponding Author(s) : Judy Backhouse
Revue de l’enseignement supérieur en Afrique,
Vol. 7 No 1-2 (2009): Revue de l’enseignement supérieur en Afrique
Résumé
Une des opinions sur l’étudiant en doctorat est celle du chercheur indépendant dont la thèse est une œuvre originale qui contribue à la connaissance dans son ensemble. Les plans nationaux soutiennent l’idée que les étudiants diplômés de doctorat vont augmenter le degré d’innovation dans le pays et rendre de nouvelles idées disponibles pour un avantage économique. En même temps, le processus d’achèvement d’un doctorat se déroule dans des cadres de tradition institutionnelle et disciplinaire, d’attentes de l’étudiant et de son encadreur, des limites en matière de ressources pratiques et, de plus en plus, des normes de qualité nationale et internationale – ce qui place des limites à ce qui peut être étudié et la manière dont cela peut être étudiée.
Sur la base d’entretiens avec les doctorants des universités Sud africaines, cet article étudie la mesure dans laquelle ces doctorants s’expérimentent en tant que chercheurs indépendants ainsi que le rôle de la créativité dans leurs études de doctorat. Il étudie également les frontières qui limitent la créativité dans les programmes de doctorat et si les candidats au doctorat ressentent ces limites comme étant restrictives ou non. Par ailleurs, il pose la question de savoir si l’innovation pourrait en réalité résulter des programmes de doctorat.
Mots-clés
Télécharger la référence bibliographique
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)BibTeX
- Amabile, T.M., 1996, Creativity in Context: Update to the Social Psychology of Creativity. Boulder, CO: Westview.
- Ambrose, D., 2006, Large-Scale Contextual Influences on Creativity: Evolving Academic Disciplines and Global Value Systems, Creativity Research Journal, Vol. 18, pp. 75–85.
- Bakradze, L., Glonti, L. and Jgerenaia, E., 2005, Main Directions and Action Plan for Implementing the Bologna Process in Georgia Until 2010. Tbilisi, Georgia.
- Becher, T. and Trowler, P.R., 2001, Academic Tribes and Territories. Buckingham, UK: Society for Research into Higher Education.
- Belay, K., 2004, Postgraduate Training in Agricultural Sciences in Ethiopia: Achievements and Challenges, Higher Education Policy, Vol. 17, pp. 49–70.
- Benneh, G., 2002, Research Management in Africa, Higher Education Policy, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 249–262.
- Boden, M., 1995, Creativity and Unpredictability, Stanford Humanities Review, Vol. 4, p. 15.
- Boden, M.A., 1994, Précis of The Creative Mind: Myths and Mechanisms. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson 1990 (Expanded edn, London: Abacus, 1991), Behav- ioral and Brain Sciences, Vol. 17, pp. 519–570.
- Christiansen, I.M. and Slammert, L., 2005, A Multi-faceted Approach to Research Development (I): Addressing the Myths, South African Journal of Higher Edu- cation, Vol. 19, No. 6, pp. 1047–1061.
- Cooper, R.B. and Jayatilaka, B., 2006, Group Creativity: The Effects of Extrinsic, Intrinsic, and Obligation Motivations, Creativity Research Journal, Vol. 18, pp. 153–172.
- Cropley, A., 2006, Dimensions of Creativity, Roeper Review, Vol. 28, pp. 125–130. Csikszentmihalyi, M., 1999, Implication of a Systems Perspective for the Study of Creativity, in Sternberg, R.J., ed., Handbook of Creativity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 313–335.
- Davenport, T.H. and Prusak, L., 1998, Working Knowledge. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
- Department of Education, 1997, Programme for the Transformation of Higher Edu- cation: Education White Paper 3. Government Gazette No. 18207, 15 August 1997, 3-54.
- Department of Education, 2007,. The Higher Education Qualifications Framework (HEQF). Government Gazette No. 508, 3-29.
- Department of Science and Technology, 2002, South Africa’s National Research and Development Strategy, 2002.
- Dietz, A.J., Jansen, J.D. and Wadee, A.A., 2006, Effective PhD Supervision and Mentorship: A Workbook Based on Experiences from South Africa and the Netherlands. Pretoria & Amsterdam: UNISA Press & Rozenberg Publishers.
- Gibbons, M., Limoges, C., Nowotny, H., Schwartzman, S., Scott, P. and Trow, M., 1994, The New Production of Knowledge: The Dynamics of Science and Research in Contemporary Societies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Golde, C.M. and Dore, T.M., 2001, At Cross Purposes: What the Experiences of Doctoral Students Reveal about Doctoral Education. Philadelphia, PA: The Pew Charitable Trusts.
- Haring-Smith, T., 2006, Creativity Research Review: Some Lessons for Higher Education, Peer Review, Vol. 8, pp. 23–27.
- Huisman, J. and Bartelse, J., eds, 2001, Academic Careers: A Comparative Perspective. Enschede: Universiteit Twente Center for Higher Education Policy Studies (CHEPS). Kaufmann, G., 2004, Two Kinds of Creativity – But Which Ones?, Creativity and Innovation Management, Vol. 13, pp. 154–165.
- Kirton, M.J., 1987, Adapters and Innovators: Styles of Creativity and Problem Solving, in Isaksen, S.G., ed., Frontiers of Creativity Research: Beyond the Basics. Buffalo, NY: Beady Limited, pp. 282–308.
- Leonard, D., 2001, A Woman’s Guide to Doctoral Studies. Buckingham, UK: Open University Press.
- Miettinen, R., 2006, The Sources of Novelty: A Cultural and Systemic View of Distributed Creativity, Creativity and Innovation Management, Vol. 15, pp. 173– 181.
- Mouton, J., 2001, How to Succeed in your Master’s and Doctoral Studies: A South African Guide and Resource Book. Pretoria: Van Schaik.
- Nyström, H., 2000, The Postmodern Challenge – From Economic to Creative Management, Creativity and Innovation Management, Vol. 9, pp. 109–114.
- Park, C., 2005, New Variant PhD: The Changing Nature of the Doctorate in the UK, Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 189– 207.
- Pestre, D., 2003, Regimes of Knowledge Production in Society: Towards a More Political and Social Reading, Minerva, Vol. 41, pp. 245–261.
- Sadlak, J., ed., 2004, Doctoral Studies and Qualifications in Europe and the United States: Status and Prospects. Bucharest: UNESCO.
- Samuel, M., 2000, About Tarbrushing and Feathering: Developing Institutional Ca- pacity for Postgraduate Research within a ‘Historically Disadvantaged Institu- tion’, South African Journal of Higher Education, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 63–76.
- Schweizer, T.S., 2006, The Psychology of Novelty-seeking, Creativity and Innovation: Neurocognitive Aspects within a Work-psychological Perspective, Cre- ativity and Innovation Management, Vol. 15, pp. 164–172.
- Sternberg, R.J., 2006, The Nature of Creativity, Creativity Research Journal, Vol. 18,pp. 87–98.
- Sternberg, R.J. and Lubart, T.I., 1991, An Investment Theory of Creativity and its Development, Human Development, Vol. 34, pp. 1–31.
- Szanton, D.L. and Manyika, S., 2002, PhD Programs in African Universities: Current Status and Future Prospects. Berkeley: University of California Institute of International Studies and Center for African Studies.
- Wits, 2005, Wits 2010: A University to Call Our Own. Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand, 16 June.
Les références
Amabile, T.M., 1996, Creativity in Context: Update to the Social Psychology of Creativity. Boulder, CO: Westview.
Ambrose, D., 2006, Large-Scale Contextual Influences on Creativity: Evolving Academic Disciplines and Global Value Systems, Creativity Research Journal, Vol. 18, pp. 75–85.
Bakradze, L., Glonti, L. and Jgerenaia, E., 2005, Main Directions and Action Plan for Implementing the Bologna Process in Georgia Until 2010. Tbilisi, Georgia.
Becher, T. and Trowler, P.R., 2001, Academic Tribes and Territories. Buckingham, UK: Society for Research into Higher Education.
Belay, K., 2004, Postgraduate Training in Agricultural Sciences in Ethiopia: Achievements and Challenges, Higher Education Policy, Vol. 17, pp. 49–70.
Benneh, G., 2002, Research Management in Africa, Higher Education Policy, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 249–262.
Boden, M., 1995, Creativity and Unpredictability, Stanford Humanities Review, Vol. 4, p. 15.
Boden, M.A., 1994, Précis of The Creative Mind: Myths and Mechanisms. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson 1990 (Expanded edn, London: Abacus, 1991), Behav- ioral and Brain Sciences, Vol. 17, pp. 519–570.
Christiansen, I.M. and Slammert, L., 2005, A Multi-faceted Approach to Research Development (I): Addressing the Myths, South African Journal of Higher Edu- cation, Vol. 19, No. 6, pp. 1047–1061.
Cooper, R.B. and Jayatilaka, B., 2006, Group Creativity: The Effects of Extrinsic, Intrinsic, and Obligation Motivations, Creativity Research Journal, Vol. 18, pp. 153–172.
Cropley, A., 2006, Dimensions of Creativity, Roeper Review, Vol. 28, pp. 125–130. Csikszentmihalyi, M., 1999, Implication of a Systems Perspective for the Study of Creativity, in Sternberg, R.J., ed., Handbook of Creativity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 313–335.
Davenport, T.H. and Prusak, L., 1998, Working Knowledge. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
Department of Education, 1997, Programme for the Transformation of Higher Edu- cation: Education White Paper 3. Government Gazette No. 18207, 15 August 1997, 3-54.
Department of Education, 2007,. The Higher Education Qualifications Framework (HEQF). Government Gazette No. 508, 3-29.
Department of Science and Technology, 2002, South Africa’s National Research and Development Strategy, 2002.
Dietz, A.J., Jansen, J.D. and Wadee, A.A., 2006, Effective PhD Supervision and Mentorship: A Workbook Based on Experiences from South Africa and the Netherlands. Pretoria & Amsterdam: UNISA Press & Rozenberg Publishers.
Gibbons, M., Limoges, C., Nowotny, H., Schwartzman, S., Scott, P. and Trow, M., 1994, The New Production of Knowledge: The Dynamics of Science and Research in Contemporary Societies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Golde, C.M. and Dore, T.M., 2001, At Cross Purposes: What the Experiences of Doctoral Students Reveal about Doctoral Education. Philadelphia, PA: The Pew Charitable Trusts.
Haring-Smith, T., 2006, Creativity Research Review: Some Lessons for Higher Education, Peer Review, Vol. 8, pp. 23–27.
Huisman, J. and Bartelse, J., eds, 2001, Academic Careers: A Comparative Perspective. Enschede: Universiteit Twente Center for Higher Education Policy Studies (CHEPS). Kaufmann, G., 2004, Two Kinds of Creativity – But Which Ones?, Creativity and Innovation Management, Vol. 13, pp. 154–165.
Kirton, M.J., 1987, Adapters and Innovators: Styles of Creativity and Problem Solving, in Isaksen, S.G., ed., Frontiers of Creativity Research: Beyond the Basics. Buffalo, NY: Beady Limited, pp. 282–308.
Leonard, D., 2001, A Woman’s Guide to Doctoral Studies. Buckingham, UK: Open University Press.
Miettinen, R., 2006, The Sources of Novelty: A Cultural and Systemic View of Distributed Creativity, Creativity and Innovation Management, Vol. 15, pp. 173– 181.
Mouton, J., 2001, How to Succeed in your Master’s and Doctoral Studies: A South African Guide and Resource Book. Pretoria: Van Schaik.
Nyström, H., 2000, The Postmodern Challenge – From Economic to Creative Management, Creativity and Innovation Management, Vol. 9, pp. 109–114.
Park, C., 2005, New Variant PhD: The Changing Nature of the Doctorate in the UK, Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 189– 207.
Pestre, D., 2003, Regimes of Knowledge Production in Society: Towards a More Political and Social Reading, Minerva, Vol. 41, pp. 245–261.
Sadlak, J., ed., 2004, Doctoral Studies and Qualifications in Europe and the United States: Status and Prospects. Bucharest: UNESCO.
Samuel, M., 2000, About Tarbrushing and Feathering: Developing Institutional Ca- pacity for Postgraduate Research within a ‘Historically Disadvantaged Institu- tion’, South African Journal of Higher Education, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 63–76.
Schweizer, T.S., 2006, The Psychology of Novelty-seeking, Creativity and Innovation: Neurocognitive Aspects within a Work-psychological Perspective, Cre- ativity and Innovation Management, Vol. 15, pp. 164–172.
Sternberg, R.J., 2006, The Nature of Creativity, Creativity Research Journal, Vol. 18,pp. 87–98.
Sternberg, R.J. and Lubart, T.I., 1991, An Investment Theory of Creativity and its Development, Human Development, Vol. 34, pp. 1–31.
Szanton, D.L. and Manyika, S., 2002, PhD Programs in African Universities: Current Status and Future Prospects. Berkeley: University of California Institute of International Studies and Center for African Studies.
Wits, 2005, Wits 2010: A University to Call Our Own. Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand, 16 June.