5 - Barriers to Middle-level Academic Leadership for Female Academics in Nigerian Higher Education
Corresponding Author(s) : Sharon Adetutu Omotoso
Journal of Higher Education in Africa,
Vol. 18 No. 2 (2020): Journal of Higher Education in Africa: Special Issue on Middle-level Academics and Leadership in African Universities
Abstract
With a rising number of women in middle-level higher education leadership, vast opportunities abound. Yet middle-level female academics are faced with sticky floors that jeopardise their significant inflow to senior leadership positions. By arguing that intra-feminist issues pertaining to higher education leadership’s leaky pipeline have not gained sufficient attention, this study interrogates internal dynamics among middle-level female academics, to identify threats to the prevalent notion of universal sisterhood that ought to boost women’s efforts at countering forces that militate against their upward movement in higher education (HE) leadership. This ethnographic work will engage with the literature, trends and narratives that are shaping women’s leadership in HE in West Africa, specifically among middle-level female academics in Nigeria’s public and private universities. Responding to the question of place-making for women in higher education leadership – at whose expense and to what end? – the study submits that beyond acclaimed androcentric barriers to women’s participation and representation in senior higher education leadership, there are less visible contributory factors among womenfolk, which lead to role entrapment and spatial entrapment. The study proposes symbiotic interactionism for female academics to attain and remain in the upper echelons of HE leadership.
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- Adu-Okpong, A. and Arthur, A., 2015, Gender Discrimination In The Work Place: A Study Of Women’s Participation In Higher Education Management In Ghana, Afro-Asian Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 1–15.
- Agyeman, O. T., 2007, Survey of ICT and Education in Africa: Mauritania Country Report. Washington, DC: InfoDev / World Bank.
- Berlant, L., 2011, Cruel Optimism, Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
- Bloom, D., Canning, D. and Chan, K., 2005, Higher Education and Economic Development in Africa, Washington, DC: World Bank.
- David, M. E., 2015, Women and Gender Equality in Higher Education?, Education Sciences, Vol. 5, pp. 10–25.
- Dearing, R., 1997, Higher Education in The Learning Society, London, UK: HMSO.
- Dines, E., 1993, Women in Higher Education Management, Geneva: UNESCO.
- Docquier, F., 2014, The Brain Drain from Developing Countries, IZA World of Labor, No. 31 (wol.iza.org).
- England, K. V. L., 1993, Suburban Pink Collar Ghettos: The Spatial Entrapment of Women?, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 83, No. 2, pp.225–242.
- Eveline, J., 2004, Ivory Basement Leadership: Power and Invisibility in The Changing University, Crawley: University of Western Australia Press.
- Friedan, B., 1963, The Feminine Mystique, New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
- Garza Mitchell, R. L. and Eddy, P., 2015, Moving Up or Moving On: A Gendered Perspective of Mid-Level University Leaders, Journal of Higher Education Management, Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 65–81.
- Gbollie, C. and David, M., 2014, Aligning Expansion and Quality in Higher Educa- tion: An Imperative to Liberia’s Economic Growth and Development, Journal of Education and Practice, Vol. 5, No. 12, pp. 139–150.
- Gibson, J. and McKenzie, D., 2011, Eight Questions about Brain Drain, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 107–28.
- Goura, T. and Seltzer-Kelly, D. L., 2013, Decolonising Vocational Education in Togo: Postcolonial, Deweyan, and Feminist Considerations, Education and Culture, Vol. 29, No.1, pp. 46–63.
- Grant Thornton, 2018, Report on Women in Business: Beyond Policy to Progress (https://www.grantthornton.global/globalassets/1.member-firms/global/in-sights/women-in-business/grant-thornton-women-in-business-2018-report.pdf ).
- Guillaume, C. and Pochic, S., 2009, What Would You Sacrifice? Access To Top Management and The Work–Life Balance, Gender, Work and Organisation, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 14–36.
- Ibarra, H., Carter, N. M. and Silva, C., 2010, Why Men Still Get More Promotions Than Women, Harvard Business Review, September, pp. 80–85.
- Jowi, J. O., Obamba, M. O. and Sehoole, C., 2013, Internationalisation, Research, Innovations and Management in Africa’s Higher Education: An Overview, in Jowi, J. O., Obamba, M., Sehoole, C., Barifaijo, M., Ogachi, O. and Alabi, G.,
- Governance of Higher Education, Research and Innovation in Ghana, Kenya and Uganda, Programme on Innovation, Higher Education and Research for Develop- ment (IHERD), Paris: OECD.
- Kamau, N., 2006, Invisibility, Silence and Absence: A Study Of The Account Taken By Two Kenyan Universities of The Effects of HIV And AIDS on Senior Women Staff, Women’s Studies International Forum, Vol. 29, No. 6, pp. 612–619.
- Kwesiga, J., 2002, Womenʹs Access to Higher Education in Africa: Ugandaʹs Experience, Kampala: Fountain Series in Gender Studies.
- Mama, A., 2005, Gender Studies for Africa’s Transformation in Mkandawire, T., ed., African Intellectuals: Rethinking Politics, Language, Gender and Development, London, UK: Zed Books.
- Materu, P., 2007, Higher Education Quality Assurance in Sub-Saharan Africa: Status, Challenges, Opportunities, and Promising Practices, World Bank Working Paper No. 124: Washington DC: World Bank.
- Mejuini, O., 2013, Women and Power: Education, Religion and Identity, Dakar: CODESRIA (http://www.codesria.org/spip.php?article). Accessed 24 May 2016.
- Montez, J. M., Wolverton, M. and Gmelch, W. H., 2003, The Roles and Challenges of Deans, The Review of Higher Education, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 241–266.
- Morley, L., 1999, Organising Feminisms: The Micropolitics of the Academy, Oxford: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Morley, L., 2006, Hidden Transcripts: The Micropolitics of Gender in Common- wealth Universities, Women’s Studies International Forum, Vol. 29, No. 6, pp. 543–551.
- Morley, L., 2012, Cycles of Domination of Top Roles by Men Must Be Broken, Times Higher Education, 29 June.
- Morley, L., 2013, Women and Higher Education Leadership: Absences and Aspirations, London, UK: Leadership Foundation for Higher Education.
- Morley, L., 2014, Lost Leaders: Women In The Global Academy, Higher Education Research and Development, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 114–128.
- Morley, L., Gunawardena, C., Kwesiga, J., Lihamba, A., Odejide, A., Shackleton, L. and Sorhaindo, A., 2005, Gender Equity in Commonwealth Higher Educa- tion: An Examination of Sustainable Interventions in Selected Commonwealth Universities, End of Project Report to the Department for International Devel- opment, London, UK: DfID.
- Muoghalu, C. O., 2018, Leadership and Crises in Nigerian Universities: Can Women Make a Difference? Dakar: CODESRIA.
- Nkomo, S. M. and Ngambi, H., 2009, African Women in Leadership: Current Knowledge and a Framework for Future Studies, International Journal of African Renaissance Studies—Multi-, Inter- and Transdisciplinarity, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 49–68.
- Nyoni, W. P., He, C. and Mashala, L. Y., 2017, Sustainable Interventions in En- hancing Gender Parity in Senior Leadership Positions in Higher Education in Tanzania, Journal of Education and Practice, Vol. 8, No 13, pp. 44–54.
- Oanda, I. O., 2013a, Trends in Internationalisation of Higher Education and Impli- cations for Research and Innovation for Development in African Universities, in Wiseman, A. W. and Wolhuter, C. C., eds., The Development of Higher Education in Africa: Prospects and Challenges, Bingley: Emerald Publishing, pp. 69–97.
- Oanda, I. O., 2013b, Implications of Alternative Higher Education Financing Policies on Equity and Quality: The Kenyan Experience, in Teferra, D., ed., Funding Higher Education in Sub-Saharan Africa, Oxford: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 98–129.
- Odejide, A., 2003, Navigating the Seas: Women in Higher Education in Nigeria, McGill Journal of Education, Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 453–468.
- Odejide. A., 2007, ‘What can a Woman do?’ Being Female in a Nigerian University, Feminist Africa, Vol. 8, pp. 42–59.
- Odejide, A., Akanji, B. and Odekunle, K., 2006, Does Expansion Mean Inclusion In Nigerian Higher Education?, Women’s Studies International Forum, Vol. 29, No. 6, pp. 552–561.
- Omotoso, S. A., 2010, Education and Emancipation, An African Philosophical Perspective, The Journal of Pan African Studies, Vol. 3. No. 9, pp. 222–231.
- Omotoso, S. A., 2013, Deploying African Philosophy of Political Communication for Functional Leadership in Africa, Journal on African Philosophy, Issue 8, pp. 52–67.
- Omotoso, S. A., 2014, Politics of Gender Space in the Fourth Wave Feminism: A Risk of Implosion, Gender Issues: The International Journal of the Feminist/Womanist Theorists, Vol. 5, pp. 94–112.
- Omotoso, S. A., 2020, When the Hairy Suffers Baldness: Social Exclusion and Feminized Poverty in Africa, Ethical Perspectives, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 117–138.
- Onsongo, J., 2004, Factors Affecting Women’s Participation in University Management in Kenya, Addis Ababa: Organisation for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa.
- Onwuejeogwn, M. A., 1992, The Social Basis of Students Unrest in Nigeria, in Madueke, C. ed., Students Unrest, Benin City.
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 2004, Quality and Recognition in Higher Education: The Cross-Border Challenge, Paris: OECD Publications.
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 2007, Higher Education and Regions: Globally Competitive, Locally Engaged, Paris: OECD Publications.
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 2008, Higher Education to 2030, Demography 1, Paris: OECD Publications.
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), n.d., The Assessment of Higher Education Learning Outcomes (http://www.oecd.org/document/51/0,3343,en_2649_35961291_40119475_1_1 _1_1,00.html). Accessed 15 June 2019.
- Oyelude, A. A. and Omotoso, S. A., 2019, Advocacy and Documenting Women’s Research the ‘WORDOC Way’ (http://library.ifla.org/id/eprint/2552).
- Sobczak, A., 2018, The Queen Bee Syndrome: The Paradox of Women Discrimination on the Labour Market, Journal of Gender and Power, Vol. 9. No.1, pp. 51–61.
- Tsikata, D., 2007, Gender, Institutional Cultures and the Career Trajectories of Faculty of the University of Ghana, Feminist Africa, Vol. 8, pp. 26–41 (www. feministafrica.org/uploads/File/Issue_8/05_issue8_article2.pdf).
- Tucker, A., 1993, Chairing the Academic Department: Leadership among Peers, 3rd ed., Phoenix, AZ: Oryx Press.
- Wenneras, C. and Wold, A., 1997, Nepotism and Sexism in Peer Review, Nature, Vol. 387, pp. 341–343.
- World University Ranking, 2018 (https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/covenant-university).
References
Adu-Okpong, A. and Arthur, A., 2015, Gender Discrimination In The Work Place: A Study Of Women’s Participation In Higher Education Management In Ghana, Afro-Asian Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 1–15.
Agyeman, O. T., 2007, Survey of ICT and Education in Africa: Mauritania Country Report. Washington, DC: InfoDev / World Bank.
Berlant, L., 2011, Cruel Optimism, Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Bloom, D., Canning, D. and Chan, K., 2005, Higher Education and Economic Development in Africa, Washington, DC: World Bank.
David, M. E., 2015, Women and Gender Equality in Higher Education?, Education Sciences, Vol. 5, pp. 10–25.
Dearing, R., 1997, Higher Education in The Learning Society, London, UK: HMSO.
Dines, E., 1993, Women in Higher Education Management, Geneva: UNESCO.
Docquier, F., 2014, The Brain Drain from Developing Countries, IZA World of Labor, No. 31 (wol.iza.org).
England, K. V. L., 1993, Suburban Pink Collar Ghettos: The Spatial Entrapment of Women?, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 83, No. 2, pp.225–242.
Eveline, J., 2004, Ivory Basement Leadership: Power and Invisibility in The Changing University, Crawley: University of Western Australia Press.
Friedan, B., 1963, The Feminine Mystique, New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
Garza Mitchell, R. L. and Eddy, P., 2015, Moving Up or Moving On: A Gendered Perspective of Mid-Level University Leaders, Journal of Higher Education Management, Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 65–81.
Gbollie, C. and David, M., 2014, Aligning Expansion and Quality in Higher Educa- tion: An Imperative to Liberia’s Economic Growth and Development, Journal of Education and Practice, Vol. 5, No. 12, pp. 139–150.
Gibson, J. and McKenzie, D., 2011, Eight Questions about Brain Drain, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 107–28.
Goura, T. and Seltzer-Kelly, D. L., 2013, Decolonising Vocational Education in Togo: Postcolonial, Deweyan, and Feminist Considerations, Education and Culture, Vol. 29, No.1, pp. 46–63.
Grant Thornton, 2018, Report on Women in Business: Beyond Policy to Progress (https://www.grantthornton.global/globalassets/1.member-firms/global/in-sights/women-in-business/grant-thornton-women-in-business-2018-report.pdf ).
Guillaume, C. and Pochic, S., 2009, What Would You Sacrifice? Access To Top Management and The Work–Life Balance, Gender, Work and Organisation, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 14–36.
Ibarra, H., Carter, N. M. and Silva, C., 2010, Why Men Still Get More Promotions Than Women, Harvard Business Review, September, pp. 80–85.
Jowi, J. O., Obamba, M. O. and Sehoole, C., 2013, Internationalisation, Research, Innovations and Management in Africa’s Higher Education: An Overview, in Jowi, J. O., Obamba, M., Sehoole, C., Barifaijo, M., Ogachi, O. and Alabi, G.,
Governance of Higher Education, Research and Innovation in Ghana, Kenya and Uganda, Programme on Innovation, Higher Education and Research for Develop- ment (IHERD), Paris: OECD.
Kamau, N., 2006, Invisibility, Silence and Absence: A Study Of The Account Taken By Two Kenyan Universities of The Effects of HIV And AIDS on Senior Women Staff, Women’s Studies International Forum, Vol. 29, No. 6, pp. 612–619.
Kwesiga, J., 2002, Womenʹs Access to Higher Education in Africa: Ugandaʹs Experience, Kampala: Fountain Series in Gender Studies.
Mama, A., 2005, Gender Studies for Africa’s Transformation in Mkandawire, T., ed., African Intellectuals: Rethinking Politics, Language, Gender and Development, London, UK: Zed Books.
Materu, P., 2007, Higher Education Quality Assurance in Sub-Saharan Africa: Status, Challenges, Opportunities, and Promising Practices, World Bank Working Paper No. 124: Washington DC: World Bank.
Mejuini, O., 2013, Women and Power: Education, Religion and Identity, Dakar: CODESRIA (http://www.codesria.org/spip.php?article). Accessed 24 May 2016.
Montez, J. M., Wolverton, M. and Gmelch, W. H., 2003, The Roles and Challenges of Deans, The Review of Higher Education, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 241–266.
Morley, L., 1999, Organising Feminisms: The Micropolitics of the Academy, Oxford: Palgrave Macmillan.
Morley, L., 2006, Hidden Transcripts: The Micropolitics of Gender in Common- wealth Universities, Women’s Studies International Forum, Vol. 29, No. 6, pp. 543–551.
Morley, L., 2012, Cycles of Domination of Top Roles by Men Must Be Broken, Times Higher Education, 29 June.
Morley, L., 2013, Women and Higher Education Leadership: Absences and Aspirations, London, UK: Leadership Foundation for Higher Education.
Morley, L., 2014, Lost Leaders: Women In The Global Academy, Higher Education Research and Development, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 114–128.
Morley, L., Gunawardena, C., Kwesiga, J., Lihamba, A., Odejide, A., Shackleton, L. and Sorhaindo, A., 2005, Gender Equity in Commonwealth Higher Educa- tion: An Examination of Sustainable Interventions in Selected Commonwealth Universities, End of Project Report to the Department for International Devel- opment, London, UK: DfID.
Muoghalu, C. O., 2018, Leadership and Crises in Nigerian Universities: Can Women Make a Difference? Dakar: CODESRIA.
Nkomo, S. M. and Ngambi, H., 2009, African Women in Leadership: Current Knowledge and a Framework for Future Studies, International Journal of African Renaissance Studies—Multi-, Inter- and Transdisciplinarity, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 49–68.
Nyoni, W. P., He, C. and Mashala, L. Y., 2017, Sustainable Interventions in En- hancing Gender Parity in Senior Leadership Positions in Higher Education in Tanzania, Journal of Education and Practice, Vol. 8, No 13, pp. 44–54.
Oanda, I. O., 2013a, Trends in Internationalisation of Higher Education and Impli- cations for Research and Innovation for Development in African Universities, in Wiseman, A. W. and Wolhuter, C. C., eds., The Development of Higher Education in Africa: Prospects and Challenges, Bingley: Emerald Publishing, pp. 69–97.
Oanda, I. O., 2013b, Implications of Alternative Higher Education Financing Policies on Equity and Quality: The Kenyan Experience, in Teferra, D., ed., Funding Higher Education in Sub-Saharan Africa, Oxford: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 98–129.
Odejide, A., 2003, Navigating the Seas: Women in Higher Education in Nigeria, McGill Journal of Education, Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 453–468.
Odejide. A., 2007, ‘What can a Woman do?’ Being Female in a Nigerian University, Feminist Africa, Vol. 8, pp. 42–59.
Odejide, A., Akanji, B. and Odekunle, K., 2006, Does Expansion Mean Inclusion In Nigerian Higher Education?, Women’s Studies International Forum, Vol. 29, No. 6, pp. 552–561.
Omotoso, S. A., 2010, Education and Emancipation, An African Philosophical Perspective, The Journal of Pan African Studies, Vol. 3. No. 9, pp. 222–231.
Omotoso, S. A., 2013, Deploying African Philosophy of Political Communication for Functional Leadership in Africa, Journal on African Philosophy, Issue 8, pp. 52–67.
Omotoso, S. A., 2014, Politics of Gender Space in the Fourth Wave Feminism: A Risk of Implosion, Gender Issues: The International Journal of the Feminist/Womanist Theorists, Vol. 5, pp. 94–112.
Omotoso, S. A., 2020, When the Hairy Suffers Baldness: Social Exclusion and Feminized Poverty in Africa, Ethical Perspectives, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 117–138.
Onsongo, J., 2004, Factors Affecting Women’s Participation in University Management in Kenya, Addis Ababa: Organisation for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa.
Onwuejeogwn, M. A., 1992, The Social Basis of Students Unrest in Nigeria, in Madueke, C. ed., Students Unrest, Benin City.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 2004, Quality and Recognition in Higher Education: The Cross-Border Challenge, Paris: OECD Publications.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 2007, Higher Education and Regions: Globally Competitive, Locally Engaged, Paris: OECD Publications.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 2008, Higher Education to 2030, Demography 1, Paris: OECD Publications.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), n.d., The Assessment of Higher Education Learning Outcomes (http://www.oecd.org/document/51/0,3343,en_2649_35961291_40119475_1_1 _1_1,00.html). Accessed 15 June 2019.
Oyelude, A. A. and Omotoso, S. A., 2019, Advocacy and Documenting Women’s Research the ‘WORDOC Way’ (http://library.ifla.org/id/eprint/2552).
Sobczak, A., 2018, The Queen Bee Syndrome: The Paradox of Women Discrimination on the Labour Market, Journal of Gender and Power, Vol. 9. No.1, pp. 51–61.
Tsikata, D., 2007, Gender, Institutional Cultures and the Career Trajectories of Faculty of the University of Ghana, Feminist Africa, Vol. 8, pp. 26–41 (www. feministafrica.org/uploads/File/Issue_8/05_issue8_article2.pdf).
Tucker, A., 1993, Chairing the Academic Department: Leadership among Peers, 3rd ed., Phoenix, AZ: Oryx Press.
Wenneras, C. and Wold, A., 1997, Nepotism and Sexism in Peer Review, Nature, Vol. 387, pp. 341–343.
World University Ranking, 2018 (https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/covenant-university).