3 - Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Use and Research Productivity of Middle-level Lecturers in Nigerian Universities
Revue de l’enseignement supérieur en Afrique,
Vol. 21 No 1 (2023): Revue de l’enseignement supérieur en Afrique
Résumé
Cette article examine les effets de la disponibilité et de l’utilisation des technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC) sur les résultats de recherche d’enseignants de niveau intermédiaire dans les universités nigérianes. L’influence de variables spécifiques telles que la disponibilité d’un laboratoire de recherche fonctionnel, une connectivité Internet rapide, des ordinateurs portables et une bibliothèque électronique fonctionnels, et un logiciel d’analyse/simulation de données a été étudiée. Dans le présent travail, la performance dans les résultats de recherche a été opérationnalisée pour signifier le nombre et la qualité des publications. L’étude est basée sur une conception de recherche non expérimentale impliquant la triangulation de méthodes d’enquêtes transversales et d’entretiens approfondis. La méthode d’enquête transversale a été utilisée pour obtenir des données quantitatives auprès de 1 325 répondants issus de 12 universités du sud-ouest du Nigéria. Les entretiens approfondis avec des administrateurs, des responsables d’unité, des chefs de département, des professeurs et des étudiants ont été menés pour générer les données qualitatives de l’étude. Les résultats montrent que les installations TIC sont largement disponibles, mais sont, principalement, des propriétés personnelles ; et que, malgré l’impact de l’accès aux TIC sur les résultats de la recherche, la productivité des enseignants de niveau intermédiaire est entravée par l’inadéquation de l’infrastructure sous-jacente et l’insuffisance du soutien financier alloué à la publication et l’enseignement supérieur en général. L’étude reconnaît le rôle des universitaires de niveau intermédiaire dans la domestication de l’enseignement supérieur basée sur les TIC au Nigéria et appelle à un meilleur financement et à une intégration plus proactive des TIC dans l’enseignement supérieur du pays.
Mots-clés
Télécharger la référence bibliographique
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)BibTeX
- Achimugu, P., Oluwagbemi, O., and Oluwaranti, A., 2010, ‘An evaluation of ICT diffusion in Nigeria’s higher educational institutions’, Journal of Information Technology Impact, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 25–34.
- Ajegbelen, A.J., 2016, ‘The use of ICT to enhance university education in Nigeria’, International Journal of Education, Learning and Development, Vol. 4, No. 5, pp.1–11.
- Akpan, C.P., 2014, ‘ICT competence and lecturers’ job efficacy in universities in Cross-Rivers State, Nigeria’, International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, Vol. 4, No. 10, pp. 259–66.
- Albirini, A., 2006, ‘Cultural perceptions: the missing element in the implementation of ICT in developing countries’, International Journal of Education and Development Using ICT, Vol. 2, No. 1. http://ijedict.dec.uwi.edu/viewarticle.php?id=146 (accessed 28 April 2020)
- Alden Rivers, B., Armellini, A., & Nie, M., 2015, Embedding social innovation and social impact across the disciplines: identifying” Changemaker” attributes. Higher Education Skills and Work-Based Learning, 5(3):242-257.
- Al-Oteawi, S.M., 2002, ‘The perceptions of administrators and teachers in utilising information technology in instruction and staff development in Saudi Arabia’, PhD Thesis, Ohio University, Ohio http://iie.chitkara.edu.in/abstract.php?id=43 (accessed 21 May 2018)
- Beebe, M.A., 2013, ‘Impact of ICT revolution on the African academic landscape’, CODESRIA. www.codesria.org/IMG/pdf/Maria_A_Beebe.pdf (accessed 14 February 2019.
- Bello, O.A., and Aderbigbe F.M., 2014, ‘The role of ICT in national development and poverty alleviation’, IMPACT: International Journal of Research in Engineering & Technology, Vol. 2, No. 5, pp. 275–84.
- Caracelli V., and Greene, J.C., 1993, ‘Data analysis strategies for mixed-method evaluation designs’, Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 195–207.
- Colwell, R., 2000, ‘Information technology: Ariadnes threads through the research and education labyrinth’, EDUCAUSE, pp. 15–18.
- Cuban, L., Kirkpatrick, H., and Peck, C., 2001, ‘High access and low use of technologies in high school classrooms: explaining an apparent paradox’, American Educational Research Journal, Vol. 38, No. 4, pp. 813–34.
- Ekpo, C., 2012, ‘ICTs education in schools in the Bayelsa, Rivers, Akwa Ibom Cross River, Edo and Delta (BRACED) States’, Research on Humanities and Social Sciences, Vol. 5, No. 20, p. 167.
- Egoeze, F., Misra, S., and Colomo-Palacios, R., 2014, ‘An evaluation of ICT infrastructure and application in Nigeria universities’, Acta Polytechnica Hungarica, Vol. 11, No. 9, pp. 115–29.
- Egoeze, F., Misra, S., Maskeliūnas, R., and Damaševičius, R., 2018, ‘Impact of ICT on universities administrative services and management of students’ records: ICT in university administration’, International Journal of Human Capital and Information Technology Professionals, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 1–15.
- Egomo, J. E., Enyi, B. I., & Tah, M. M., 2012, Availability and utilization of ICT tools for effective instructional delivery in tertiary institutions in Cross River State, Nigeria. Global advanced research journal of educational research and review, 1(8), 190-195.
- Ehikhamenor, F.A., 2002, ‘Internet resources and productivity in Nigerian universities’, Journal Information Science, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 107–15.
- Emmanuel, C.N., Chiaka A.O. and Edna N.O., 2014, ‘Integration of information communication technology in the curriculum of Federal Unity Schools in Nigeria: implications for learning’, Greener Journal of Educational Research, Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 91–8.
- Ezema, I.J., 2011, ‘Building open access institutional repositories for global visibility of Nigerian scholarly publication’, Library Review, Vol. 60, No. 6, pp. 473–85. Gambari, A.I. and Chike-Okoli, A., 2007, ‘Availability and utilization of information and communication technology (ICT) facilities in higher institutions in Niger state, Nigeria’,The Information Technologist, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 34–46.
- Hamidi, H., & Chavoshi, A., 2018, Analysis of the essential factors for the adoption of mobile learning in higher education: A case study of students of the University of Technology. Telematics and Informatics, 35(4), 1053-1070.
- Hamilton-Ekeke, J.T. and Mbachu, C.E., 2015, ‘The place of information, communication and technology (ICT) in teaching and learning in Nigerian tertiary institutions’, American Journal of Educational Research, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 340–7.
- Hennessy, E., Hernandez, R., Kieran, P., & MacLoughlin, H., 2010, Teaching and learning across disciplines: student and staff experiences in a newly modularised system. Teaching in higher education, 15(6), 675-689.
- Idowu, A.I., and Esere, M., 2013, ‘ICT and higher educational system in Nigeria’, Educational Research and Reviews, Vol. 8, No. 21, pp. 2021–5.
- International Association of Universities (n.d.). Digital transformation of Higher Education. Available at https://www.iau-aiu.net/technology. Accessed May 21, 2021.
- ITU (International Telecommunication Union), 2015, ‘Information and Communication Technology Global Development Index’, [https://www.itu.int/net/pressoffice/press_releases/2015/57.aspx].
- Jabbouri, N.I., Siron, R., Zahari, I., and Khalid, M., 2016, ‘Impact of information technology infrastructure on innovation performance: an empirical study on private universities In Iraq’, Procedia Economics and Finance, Vol. 39, pp. 861–9.
- Jimoyiannisa, A., and Komisb, B., 2007, ‘Examining teachers’ beliefs about ICT in education: implications of a teacher preparation programme’, Teacher Development, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 149–73.
- Jumare, M.A., Tahir, S.M., and Hamid, A.T., 2017, ‘The use of ICT in Nigerian universities: a study of Kaduna State University, Kaduna’, International Journal of Advanced Research in IT and Engineering, Vol. 6, No. 7, pp. 1–12. http://www.garph.co.uk/IJARIE/July2017/1.pdf (accessed 24 June 2019)
- Khan, S., and Dominic, J., 2009, ‘Use of internet by faculty members of engineering colleges of Moradabad: a comparative study’, pp. 570–6.
- Kpolovie, P.J., and Awusaki, O.K., 2016, ‘ICT adoption attitude of lecturers’, European Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology, Vol. 4, No. 5, pp. 9–57.
- Kpolovie, P.J., and Iderima, E., 2016, ‘Readiness for MOOCs – learners’ inequality in Nigeria’, International Journal of Economic and Business Review, Vol. 4, No. 7, pp. 5–25.
- Kpolovie, P. J., Iderima, C. E., & Ololube, N. P., 2014, Computer literacy and candidate performance on computer-based tests. In Advancing technology and educational development through blended learning in emerging economies (pp. 80-106). IGI Global.Maitra, S., Singh, A., Jadhav, R. and Vipat, R., 2017, ‘Study of use of information technology for research in basic sciences’, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Vol. 8, No. 5, pp. 111–15.
- Mitchell, G., 2012, Revisiting truth or triviality: The external validity of research in the psychological laboratory. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7(2), 109-117.
- Nja, C. O., & Idiege, K. J., 2019, Scientific attitudes and Corruption Tendencies among Chemistry Education Students. Education for Today 15 (1), 54, 59.
- Nkoyo, E., and Egbe, N., 2016, ‘Availability and utilization of electronic resources by postgraduate Students in a Nigerian university library: a case study of University of Calabar, Nigeria’, Information and Knowledge Management, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 60–9. http://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/IKM/article/view/28714 (accessed 12 June 2018).
- Nwagwu, W.E., and Agarin, O., 2007, ‘A Webometric analysis of Nigerian universities’ websites’, Ibadan Journal of the Social Sciences, Vol. 5, No. 5, March.
- Nwankwoala, H.N.L., 2015, ‘An investigation of lecturers’ and students’ use of ICTs in Nigerian university education as a panacea for national development’, Research on Humanities and Social Sciences, Vol. 5, No. 20, pp. 18–29.
- O’Brien, J.A., and Marakas, G.M., 2008, Management Information Systems, 8th edn, Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill Irwin.
- Okafor, E.E., Imhoriopi, D., and Urim, U.M., 2011, ‘Utilisation of internet services and its impact on teaching and research outputs in private universities in South-western Nigeria’, International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Society, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 135–5.
- Ololube, N.P., Umunadi, K.E., and Kpolovie, P.J., 2014, ‘Barriers to blended teaching and learning in sub-Saharan Africa: challenges for the next decade and beyond’, in N.P Ololube, ed., Advancing Technology and Educational Development through Blended Learning in Emerging Economies, Harrisburg, PA: Idea Group. pp. 232-247.
- Ololube, N. P., Umunadi, K. E., & Kpolovie, P. J., 2015, Barriers to Blended Teaching and Learning in Sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges for the next decade and beyond. In Curriculum Design and Classroom Management: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications (pp. 846-861). IGI Global.
- Olsen, W., 2004, ‘Triangulation in social research: qualitative and quantitative methods can really be mixed’, Developments in Sociology, Vol. 20, pp. 103–18.
- Osofisan A.O., and Osunade, O., 2007, ‘ICT infrastructures available in Nigerian educational and research institutes’, Technical report for SIST country study, pp. 1–41. http://sist.cirad.fr/IMG/pdf/SIST_Nigeria_Country_Study.pdf (accessed 11 March 2020)
- Oyerinde, Y., & Bankole, F., 2019, (May), Investigating the Efficiency of ICT Infrastructure Utilization: A Data Envelopment Analysis Approach. In International Conference on Social Implications of Computers in Developing Countries (pp. 633-646). Springer, Cham.
- Popoola, S.O., 2008, ‘The use of information resources and services and its effect on the research output of social scientists in Nigerian universities’, Library Philosophy and Practice. http://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/~mbolin/popoola.htm (accessed 30 April 2020).
- Punie, Y., 2007, ‘Learning spaces: an ICT-enabled model of future learning in the knowledge-based society’, European Journal of Education, Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 185–99.
- Reio, T. G., 2016, Nonexperimental research: Strengths, weaknesses and issues of precision. European Journal of Training and Development. Vol 4(8-9): 676-690
- Saikia, R., 2017, Role of mass media in creating environmental awareness. National Journal of Multidisciplinary research and Development, 2, 01-04.
- Schaefer, M.J., Shrum, W.M., Miller, P.B., Mbatia, P.N., Palackal, A., and Dzorgbo, D.S., 2016, ‘Access to ICT and research output of agriculture researchers in Kenya’, Science, Technology & Society, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 250–70.
- Tedla, B.A., 2012, ‘Understanding the importance, impacts and barriers of ICT on teaching and learning in East African countries’, International Journal for e-Learning Security, Vol. 2, No. 3/4, pp. 199–207.
- Teferra, D., and Albach, P., 2004, ‘African higher education: challenges for the 21st century’, Higher Education, Vol. 47, pp. 21–50.
- Wang, Q., 2008, A generic model for guiding the integration of ICT into teaching and learning, Innovations in education and teaching international, 45(4), 411-419.
- Wilson, A., David, U., Beatrice, E., & Mary, O., 2014, How Telecommunication Development Aids Economic Growth: Evidence from ITU ICT Development Index (IDI) Top Five Countries For African Region, International Journal of Business, Economics and Management, 1(2), 16-28.
- World Bank, 2016, World Development Report: Digital Dividends-An Overview, Washington DC: World Bank.
- Yushau, B., and Nannim, F.A., 2018, ‘ICT facilities and their utilization for educational purposes in Nigerian universities: a review of literatures from 2004 to 2018’, ATBU Journal of Science, Technology and Education, Vol. 16, No.1.
- Zainab, A.N., and Meadows, A.J., 1999, ‘Electronic support and research productivity: the case of academic engineers and scientists’, Malaysia Journal of Library and Information Science, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 71–85.
Les références
Achimugu, P., Oluwagbemi, O., and Oluwaranti, A., 2010, ‘An evaluation of ICT diffusion in Nigeria’s higher educational institutions’, Journal of Information Technology Impact, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 25–34.
Ajegbelen, A.J., 2016, ‘The use of ICT to enhance university education in Nigeria’, International Journal of Education, Learning and Development, Vol. 4, No. 5, pp.1–11.
Akpan, C.P., 2014, ‘ICT competence and lecturers’ job efficacy in universities in Cross-Rivers State, Nigeria’, International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, Vol. 4, No. 10, pp. 259–66.
Albirini, A., 2006, ‘Cultural perceptions: the missing element in the implementation of ICT in developing countries’, International Journal of Education and Development Using ICT, Vol. 2, No. 1. http://ijedict.dec.uwi.edu/viewarticle.php?id=146 (accessed 28 April 2020)
Alden Rivers, B., Armellini, A., & Nie, M., 2015, Embedding social innovation and social impact across the disciplines: identifying” Changemaker” attributes. Higher Education Skills and Work-Based Learning, 5(3):242-257.
Al-Oteawi, S.M., 2002, ‘The perceptions of administrators and teachers in utilising information technology in instruction and staff development in Saudi Arabia’, PhD Thesis, Ohio University, Ohio http://iie.chitkara.edu.in/abstract.php?id=43 (accessed 21 May 2018)
Beebe, M.A., 2013, ‘Impact of ICT revolution on the African academic landscape’, CODESRIA. www.codesria.org/IMG/pdf/Maria_A_Beebe.pdf (accessed 14 February 2019.
Bello, O.A., and Aderbigbe F.M., 2014, ‘The role of ICT in national development and poverty alleviation’, IMPACT: International Journal of Research in Engineering & Technology, Vol. 2, No. 5, pp. 275–84.
Caracelli V., and Greene, J.C., 1993, ‘Data analysis strategies for mixed-method evaluation designs’, Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 195–207.
Colwell, R., 2000, ‘Information technology: Ariadnes threads through the research and education labyrinth’, EDUCAUSE, pp. 15–18.
Cuban, L., Kirkpatrick, H., and Peck, C., 2001, ‘High access and low use of technologies in high school classrooms: explaining an apparent paradox’, American Educational Research Journal, Vol. 38, No. 4, pp. 813–34.
Ekpo, C., 2012, ‘ICTs education in schools in the Bayelsa, Rivers, Akwa Ibom Cross River, Edo and Delta (BRACED) States’, Research on Humanities and Social Sciences, Vol. 5, No. 20, p. 167.
Egoeze, F., Misra, S., and Colomo-Palacios, R., 2014, ‘An evaluation of ICT infrastructure and application in Nigeria universities’, Acta Polytechnica Hungarica, Vol. 11, No. 9, pp. 115–29.
Egoeze, F., Misra, S., Maskeliūnas, R., and Damaševičius, R., 2018, ‘Impact of ICT on universities administrative services and management of students’ records: ICT in university administration’, International Journal of Human Capital and Information Technology Professionals, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 1–15.
Egomo, J. E., Enyi, B. I., & Tah, M. M., 2012, Availability and utilization of ICT tools for effective instructional delivery in tertiary institutions in Cross River State, Nigeria. Global advanced research journal of educational research and review, 1(8), 190-195.
Ehikhamenor, F.A., 2002, ‘Internet resources and productivity in Nigerian universities’, Journal Information Science, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 107–15.
Emmanuel, C.N., Chiaka A.O. and Edna N.O., 2014, ‘Integration of information communication technology in the curriculum of Federal Unity Schools in Nigeria: implications for learning’, Greener Journal of Educational Research, Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 91–8.
Ezema, I.J., 2011, ‘Building open access institutional repositories for global visibility of Nigerian scholarly publication’, Library Review, Vol. 60, No. 6, pp. 473–85. Gambari, A.I. and Chike-Okoli, A., 2007, ‘Availability and utilization of information and communication technology (ICT) facilities in higher institutions in Niger state, Nigeria’,The Information Technologist, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 34–46.
Hamidi, H., & Chavoshi, A., 2018, Analysis of the essential factors for the adoption of mobile learning in higher education: A case study of students of the University of Technology. Telematics and Informatics, 35(4), 1053-1070.
Hamilton-Ekeke, J.T. and Mbachu, C.E., 2015, ‘The place of information, communication and technology (ICT) in teaching and learning in Nigerian tertiary institutions’, American Journal of Educational Research, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 340–7.
Hennessy, E., Hernandez, R., Kieran, P., & MacLoughlin, H., 2010, Teaching and learning across disciplines: student and staff experiences in a newly modularised system. Teaching in higher education, 15(6), 675-689.
Idowu, A.I., and Esere, M., 2013, ‘ICT and higher educational system in Nigeria’, Educational Research and Reviews, Vol. 8, No. 21, pp. 2021–5.
International Association of Universities (n.d.). Digital transformation of Higher Education. Available at https://www.iau-aiu.net/technology. Accessed May 21, 2021.
ITU (International Telecommunication Union), 2015, ‘Information and Communication Technology Global Development Index’, [https://www.itu.int/net/pressoffice/press_releases/2015/57.aspx].
Jabbouri, N.I., Siron, R., Zahari, I., and Khalid, M., 2016, ‘Impact of information technology infrastructure on innovation performance: an empirical study on private universities In Iraq’, Procedia Economics and Finance, Vol. 39, pp. 861–9.
Jimoyiannisa, A., and Komisb, B., 2007, ‘Examining teachers’ beliefs about ICT in education: implications of a teacher preparation programme’, Teacher Development, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 149–73.
Jumare, M.A., Tahir, S.M., and Hamid, A.T., 2017, ‘The use of ICT in Nigerian universities: a study of Kaduna State University, Kaduna’, International Journal of Advanced Research in IT and Engineering, Vol. 6, No. 7, pp. 1–12. http://www.garph.co.uk/IJARIE/July2017/1.pdf (accessed 24 June 2019)
Khan, S., and Dominic, J., 2009, ‘Use of internet by faculty members of engineering colleges of Moradabad: a comparative study’, pp. 570–6.
Kpolovie, P.J., and Awusaki, O.K., 2016, ‘ICT adoption attitude of lecturers’, European Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology, Vol. 4, No. 5, pp. 9–57.
Kpolovie, P.J., and Iderima, E., 2016, ‘Readiness for MOOCs – learners’ inequality in Nigeria’, International Journal of Economic and Business Review, Vol. 4, No. 7, pp. 5–25.
Kpolovie, P. J., Iderima, C. E., & Ololube, N. P., 2014, Computer literacy and candidate performance on computer-based tests. In Advancing technology and educational development through blended learning in emerging economies (pp. 80-106). IGI Global.Maitra, S., Singh, A., Jadhav, R. and Vipat, R., 2017, ‘Study of use of information technology for research in basic sciences’, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Vol. 8, No. 5, pp. 111–15.
Mitchell, G., 2012, Revisiting truth or triviality: The external validity of research in the psychological laboratory. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7(2), 109-117.
Nja, C. O., & Idiege, K. J., 2019, Scientific attitudes and Corruption Tendencies among Chemistry Education Students. Education for Today 15 (1), 54, 59.
Nkoyo, E., and Egbe, N., 2016, ‘Availability and utilization of electronic resources by postgraduate Students in a Nigerian university library: a case study of University of Calabar, Nigeria’, Information and Knowledge Management, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 60–9. http://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/IKM/article/view/28714 (accessed 12 June 2018).
Nwagwu, W.E., and Agarin, O., 2007, ‘A Webometric analysis of Nigerian universities’ websites’, Ibadan Journal of the Social Sciences, Vol. 5, No. 5, March.
Nwankwoala, H.N.L., 2015, ‘An investigation of lecturers’ and students’ use of ICTs in Nigerian university education as a panacea for national development’, Research on Humanities and Social Sciences, Vol. 5, No. 20, pp. 18–29.
O’Brien, J.A., and Marakas, G.M., 2008, Management Information Systems, 8th edn, Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill Irwin.
Okafor, E.E., Imhoriopi, D., and Urim, U.M., 2011, ‘Utilisation of internet services and its impact on teaching and research outputs in private universities in South-western Nigeria’, International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Society, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 135–5.
Ololube, N.P., Umunadi, K.E., and Kpolovie, P.J., 2014, ‘Barriers to blended teaching and learning in sub-Saharan Africa: challenges for the next decade and beyond’, in N.P Ololube, ed., Advancing Technology and Educational Development through Blended Learning in Emerging Economies, Harrisburg, PA: Idea Group. pp. 232-247.
Ololube, N. P., Umunadi, K. E., & Kpolovie, P. J., 2015, Barriers to Blended Teaching and Learning in Sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges for the next decade and beyond. In Curriculum Design and Classroom Management: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications (pp. 846-861). IGI Global.
Olsen, W., 2004, ‘Triangulation in social research: qualitative and quantitative methods can really be mixed’, Developments in Sociology, Vol. 20, pp. 103–18.
Osofisan A.O., and Osunade, O., 2007, ‘ICT infrastructures available in Nigerian educational and research institutes’, Technical report for SIST country study, pp. 1–41. http://sist.cirad.fr/IMG/pdf/SIST_Nigeria_Country_Study.pdf (accessed 11 March 2020)
Oyerinde, Y., & Bankole, F., 2019, (May), Investigating the Efficiency of ICT Infrastructure Utilization: A Data Envelopment Analysis Approach. In International Conference on Social Implications of Computers in Developing Countries (pp. 633-646). Springer, Cham.
Popoola, S.O., 2008, ‘The use of information resources and services and its effect on the research output of social scientists in Nigerian universities’, Library Philosophy and Practice. http://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/~mbolin/popoola.htm (accessed 30 April 2020).
Punie, Y., 2007, ‘Learning spaces: an ICT-enabled model of future learning in the knowledge-based society’, European Journal of Education, Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 185–99.
Reio, T. G., 2016, Nonexperimental research: Strengths, weaknesses and issues of precision. European Journal of Training and Development. Vol 4(8-9): 676-690
Saikia, R., 2017, Role of mass media in creating environmental awareness. National Journal of Multidisciplinary research and Development, 2, 01-04.
Schaefer, M.J., Shrum, W.M., Miller, P.B., Mbatia, P.N., Palackal, A., and Dzorgbo, D.S., 2016, ‘Access to ICT and research output of agriculture researchers in Kenya’, Science, Technology & Society, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 250–70.
Tedla, B.A., 2012, ‘Understanding the importance, impacts and barriers of ICT on teaching and learning in East African countries’, International Journal for e-Learning Security, Vol. 2, No. 3/4, pp. 199–207.
Teferra, D., and Albach, P., 2004, ‘African higher education: challenges for the 21st century’, Higher Education, Vol. 47, pp. 21–50.
Wang, Q., 2008, A generic model for guiding the integration of ICT into teaching and learning, Innovations in education and teaching international, 45(4), 411-419.
Wilson, A., David, U., Beatrice, E., & Mary, O., 2014, How Telecommunication Development Aids Economic Growth: Evidence from ITU ICT Development Index (IDI) Top Five Countries For African Region, International Journal of Business, Economics and Management, 1(2), 16-28.
World Bank, 2016, World Development Report: Digital Dividends-An Overview, Washington DC: World Bank.
Yushau, B., and Nannim, F.A., 2018, ‘ICT facilities and their utilization for educational purposes in Nigerian universities: a review of literatures from 2004 to 2018’, ATBU Journal of Science, Technology and Education, Vol. 16, No.1.
Zainab, A.N., and Meadows, A.J., 1999, ‘Electronic support and research productivity: the case of academic engineers and scientists’, Malaysia Journal of Library and Information Science, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 71–85.